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智齿到底要不要拔？******

　　广州日报讯 (全媒体记者张青梅 通讯员于洋、刘琪莎)很多人都有智齿，长了智齿要不要拔？哪些情况需要拔？广州医科大学附属市八医院口腔科主任钟凡表示，四种情况需要拔除。

　　据介绍，智齿位于口腔内最里面，从大门牙往里数第八颗。它的个数和萌出情况因人而异，大多数人有上下左右对称的4颗牙，但有些人的智齿少于4颗甚至没有，很少人有多于4颗的智齿。它们通常在人18岁-23岁时萌出，而有些则只能部分萌出或完全不能萌出。

　　由于我们吃的食物越来越精细，导致容纳牙齿的下颌骨出现不同程度的退化，无法为智齿的萌出提供足够的空间。为了萌出，没有生长空间的智齿会错位阻生、异位萌出。

　　有些人的智齿因为萌出位置够，所以会正位长出来并像其他牙齿一样建立咬合，用起来像其他牙一样，这样的智齿可以保留。

　　有些人的智齿可能一生都不会萌出，也没有引起其他症状，这样的智齿我们只能花费时间去观察，可以暂不处理。

　　但是出现以下四种情况要重视——

　　冠周炎及间隙感染

　　阻生的智齿未完全萌出，与覆盖的牙龈之间形成空隙，藏污纳垢不易清洁。

　　当身体抵抗力低下时会导致牙龈发炎、流脓，严重炎症会流向各个间隙导致疼痛、面部肿胀，此时需要先消炎，待炎症消除后再拔除“惹祸”的智齿。

　　龋病、牙髓炎或牙周炎

　　没有位置优势的智齿自身容易发生蛀牙并进展为牙髓炎导致剧烈疼痛。

　　智齿向前倾斜萌出，与前面的大牙形成空隙导致食物嵌塞，从而导致大牙龋坏、牙髓炎及牙周炎。

　　此外智齿向前倾斜萌出的力量可能导致前面大牙的牙根吸收，这些情况最终导致牙齿损坏甚至不能保留。当有这种情况发生时，智齿需要拔除。

　　牙列拥挤

　　为了争夺萌出空间，智齿通常会挤压前面的牙齿，从而导致牙列不齐，牙列拥挤，影响美观。

　　而且智齿的萌出会导致牙列拥挤的复发，影响正畸治疗的效果。为此，通常需要拔除多余的智齿，以纠正牙列拥挤。

　　其他疾病

　　有时智齿形成异常的咬合状态，会引起颞下颌关节紊乱病。

　　此外由于反复发作的智齿冠周炎，可能会引起颌骨骨髓炎，导致骨头缺损。

　　而且，由于智齿周围天生存在一层“外衣”，这层“外衣”会因为外界的刺激从而出现颌骨囊性病变，这些都会给人们带来不适及生活的不便。

　　为此，如果出现上述情况，需及时就医并对症治疗。

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）